I have created this document as a resource with the hopes that it can serve
as a useful guide for female students and scholars traveling to South
Asia. Because a female traveler never
knows when she is simply being commented upon and when she is being tested, it
may not always be safe to simply “ignore” harassment. Whether ignoring or
confronting harassment is the best response will depend on the situation. In my
experience, there is no one “right way” to safely respond to harassment. I
created this document in part to share some ideas I hope will help women who
are preparing for travel.
I base the ‘facts’ and ‘misconceptions’ in part on my personal experiences
as well as the reported experiences of many female travelers I have met over
the years. The approaches to handling harassment and violence in this handout
come from a variety of sources, many of which are based in feminist empowerment-based
models for teaching Self Defense popular in many North American women’s martial
arts organizations, such as the National Women’s Martial Arts Federation
(NWMAF), but also include recent scholarship on violence such as Holly Kearl’s
and Gavin de Becker’s writings. This information is meant as a guide rather
than a definitive way to cope with or manage street harassment and I take sole
responsibility for the information provided.
Common Misconceptions
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Facts about Street Harassment
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Harassment is a compliment. Men only stare when they find
you attractive.
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Street Harassment is a form of violence. Because street harassment around
the world occurs in the context of (a) fear of rape and (b) systematic
inequality of women, it often evokes a fear response in women because of the
potential lack of safety that could result. Because a woman never knows if a
man is intending to simply comment or if they plan to do more, it can be
difficult for harassing remarks and actions to be interpreted neutrally.
Harassment, like other forms of gender-based
violence, is about power. Discussions
about harassment or assault that focus on it exclusively on it as a sexual
act or as relating to the attractiveness, age, perceived sexual “looseness,”
or other aspects of the appearance of the victim conflates harassment with
complimentary behavior and may obscure the fact that it is a form of
violence.
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·
Since there is no taboo against staring in South Asia,
foreigners will be stared at regardless.
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While staring is a common pastime in many
regions of South Asia, and any form of staring can be unnerving for many
women, harassment is not always expressed through staring; likewise, not all
stares constitute gender-based harassment.
The assertion that the two are equivalent is misguided and potentially
dangerous advice for female travelers.
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· Harassment isn’t a real form of violence. The
best response is always to ignore harassment.
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Like all forms of violence, harassment can escalate from irritating (such
as stares, cat-calls, lewd remarks), to bullying or intimidating (threatening
looks, restriction of personal space, stalking, propositions for sexual acts,
lewd gestures, lewd phone calls, emails or text messages) to assault or
attempted assault (groping, trying to enter someone's hotel room, trying to
pull someone into a car or alleyway, beating, sexual assault).
Attackers go through a process of targeting, testing, and selection of
victims. Harassment is typically a part of the targeting and testing process.
If the potential victim "passes" the test, the potential attacker
might advance to a more dangerous or serious stage. If you do choose to ignore harassment, make
it a conscious choice. Project a sense of confidence and awareness of your
surroundings. Note if there is more than one person harassing and try to get
as much information as you can about what their intent may be.
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·
Harassment can be prevented by wearing appropriately modest
or local clothing and jewelry, and by behaving according to socially accepted
gender norms in the region (no smoking, drinking, etc.)
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The frequency of harassment and risk of assault
can be reduced by wearing clothing and/or jewelry appropriate to the
region of travel and by avoiding being seen engaging in behavior that is
contrary to local norms; however, nothing is 100% effective. In my experience
it is unrealistic to expect that harassment is completely preventable. Excessive
attention and questions regarding a woman’s behavior and/or what she was
wearing at the time of harassment (or assault) is not supportive and may
imply the woman is responsible for the violence done to them.
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·
Harassment is a North Indian problem. If you work/study in
the Southern regions of India, you won’t encounter harassment.
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Harassment occurs in the South as well as the
North; it occurs in villages as well as cities. Harassment may occur with
greater frequency in certain regions of South Asia, but there is unlikely to
be a region of South Asia that is harassment-free just as there are few
places in the United States that are harassment-free.
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If you avoid going out at night while in South Asia, you can
avoid being harassed.
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While women report greater frequency of
harassment at night, harassment also occurs with frequency during the day.
Whenever a woman is in public—whether going by bus, train, auto, taxi,
rickshaw, or walking—she can be at risk of harassment.
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·
If you travel with a male friend you can avoid being
harassed.
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While traveling with someone--such as a male companion--may keep you more safe from harassing comments, many women report being harassed in public while traveling with a male companion, whether friend, relative, or dating partner/spouse.
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·
Harassment is simply a "rite of passage" that
female scholars traveling to South Asia have to face.
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While many women do report feeling “stronger”
after surviving experiences of harassment (and other challenges) in South
Asia, these are generally after-the-fact interpretations of their
experiences. For someone currently
experiencing regular or intense harassment, the “rite-of-passage” rhetoric is
not necessarily supportive or empowering.
This rhetoric may additionally risk implying that a woman needs to
endure verbal or potentially physical or sexual abuse in order to become a
better scholar.
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The "degree" of harassment experienced will
determine a person's emotional reaction to it.
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Harassment is a very individual and personally subjective experience.
Different women will react differently to experiences of harassment. The
impact cannot be determined by a specific quantity, quality, or duration of
experience(s). Factors that can impact an individual’s experience of
harassment may include the victim’s age, race/ethnicity, gender identity,
sexual orientation, previous experience with travel, previous experience(s)
of harassment, past experience(s) of abuse, assault, or other forms of
violence, availability of support structure in South Asia, among other
factors. It is difficult to predict how an individual will react to
experiences of harassment or how it will impact them in the future.
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How can we support women experiencing harassment while traveling?
- Consider reaching out to ask female travelers about their experiences abroad; be an active listener.
- Realize that systemic harassment can potentially be traumatic for an individual as it constitutes violations of safety and of the body in public space.
- If appropriate, suggest resources for counseling or therapy through your institution’s counseling services
- Consider sharing resources that you or others have found useful for feeling empowered while facing harassment in the moment.
Bibliography and Additional Resources
de Becker, Gavin. The Gift of Fear and Other Survival Signals thatProtect Us From Violence. New York:
Random House, 1997.
Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2012.
Traveling While Female: A blog on street harassment, sexual harassment and sexual
assault
Violence Prevention Resources made publically available via Thousand Waves
Martial Arts
Author's note:
I originally wrote this first as a handout (which is accessible as a downloadable pdf via my academia.edu page) in order to provide resources for interested teachers, educators, researchers, administrators and others who advise or otherwise prepare students for travel to South Asia for either study or research/work. While this handout was conceived as a resource to benefit non-South Asians who travel to South Asia, I hope that the information is useful for South Asian men and women as well. As always if you have any thoughts, concerns, questions, or corrections, please feel free to email me directly via the feedback link on this page.
Erin H. Epperson
Ph.D. Candidate, University of Chicago
Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations
Disclaimer: This article does not necessarily reflect the views or opinion of the University of Chicago, the Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, or any of its affiliated faculty or staff members. The views contained therein are solely the opinions of this author and should not be taken as representing the University of Chicago or any of its representatives.
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